SUMMARY: Human skin melanin was stained using the Fontana’s silver nitrate method and Schmorl method. The results showed that, in the Fontana’s silver nitrate method, melanin and silver-bound cells were black and other tissues were red. When stained using the Schmorl method, effects on melanin differed based on whether the nuclei were stained. When the nucleus was stained, melanin appeared blue-black or blue-green, and other tissue structures were purple. When the nucleus was not stained, melanin was orange and other structures were pink. Comparing the two staining methods, we concluded that Fontana’s silver nitrate method takes a long time; in contrast, the Schmorl method showed two different types of results depending on whether the nucleus was stained, and it takes less time than Fontana staining, so we here consider the Schmorl method more suitable for special staining of melanin than Fontana’s silver nitrate method.

RESUMEN: La melanina de la piel humana se tiñó utilizando el método del nitrato de plata de Fontana y el método Schmorl. Los resultados mostraron que, en el método del nitrato de plata de Fontana, la melanina y las células unidas a plata eran negras y otros tejidos eran rojos. Cuando se tiñó con el método de Schmorl, los efectos sobre la melanina difirieron en función de si se tiñeron los núcleos. Cuando se tiñó el núcleo, la melanina apareció de color azul-negro o azul-verde, y otras estructuras de tejido fueron de color púrpura. Cuando el núcleo no estaba teñido, la melanina era naranja y otras estructuras eran rosadas. Al comparar los dos métodos de tinción, llegamos a la conclusión de que el método del nitrato de plata de Fontana lleva mucho tiempo; por el contrario, el método Schmorl mostró dos tipos diferentes de resultados dependiendo de si el núcleo estaba teñido, y lleva menos tiempo que la tinción de Fontana, por lo que aquí consideramos que el método Schmorl es más adecuado para la tinción especial de melanina que el método del nitrato de plata de Fontana.

Abstract With the rapid development of China's economy, many long-span bridges have been built and put into service. Vehicle load has been changing year by year in terms of the gross vehicle weight (GVW), the wheelbase and the traffic volume, especially the overload of heavy vehicles, which is a major challenge to the safety and durability of bridges. It is necessary to establish the vehicle load model through the measured traffic data for actual traffic conditions of the given bridge. In this study, the weigh-in-motion (WIM) data collected from an operational long-span urban highway bridge located in Wuhan, China, were used to analyze the statistical characteristics of vehicle loads. On the basis of the types of vehicles, (1) Considering the double or multimodal Gauss distribution characteristics of the GVW, the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm was used to estimate the statistical parameters of the Gauss distribution; (2) The generalized extreme value distribution (GEV) was used to develop the statistical model of the vehicle load extreme value; (3) The vehicle load extreme values in the design reference period of the urban highway bridge were estimated by the extreme value type I distribution; (4) According to the axle weight and the axle spacing, a statistical fatigue vehicle load model for the small and medium span urban highway bridges located in Wuhan, China was presented based on the Miner linear accumulated damage hypothesis and the effective fatigue damage principle.

Abstract In this study, determination of heavy metal parameters and microbiological characterization of marine sediments obtained from two heavily polluted sites and one low-grade contaminated reference station at Jiaozhou Bay in China were carried out. The microbial communities found in the sampled marine sediments were studied using PCR-DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) fingerprinting profiles in combination with multivariate analysis. Clustering analysis of DGGE and matrix of heavy metals displayed similar occurrence patterns. On this basis, 17 samples were classified into two clusters depending on the presence or absence of the high level contamination. Moreover, the cluster of highly contaminated samples was further classified into two sub-groups based on the stations of their origin. These results showed that the composition of the bacterial community is strongly influenced by heavy metal variables present in the sediments found in the Jiaozhou Bay. This study also suggested that metagenomic techniques such as PCR-DGGE fingerprinting in combination with multivariate analysis is an efficient method to examine the effect of metal contamination on the bacterial community structure.

Objective: the purpose of this study is to assess the current status of disordered eating attitudes and its related factors among University students in Anhui province, and to provide a basis for health intervention. Methods: this is a cross-sectional study. The University students admitted to the routine health exams were included in current study, and completed self-administered questionnaires which consist of general information and the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26). An EAT-26 score of 20 or higher indicated that a person has disordered eating attitudes. Data were analyzed using the SPSS13.0 software. Results: a total of 1 328 subjects (469 male and 859 female), aged 16-24 years from a university in Wuhu were enrolled in this study. In our survey, the proportion of disordered eating attitudes among male, female, total students were 5.3%, 4.0% and 4.5%, respectively. The proportion of disordered eating attitudes among the students whose family annual income < 10000 RMB, 10 000-30 000 RMB, 30 000-60 000 RMB and > 60 000 were 4.2%, 3.9%, 4.3% and 6.9%, respectively. An interesting finding was that the female students are more likely to have disordered eating attitudes if their parents have more education. Conclusions: our research reveals that the current status of disordered eating attitudes in Anhui province is relatively low. Parents' education level may be related to eating attitudes among University students. It is essential to increase awareness and understanding of eating disorders and its associated risk factors in University students whose parents have higher education.

Objetivo: el proposito de este estudio es evaluar la situación actual de trastornos alimenticios y sus factores relacionados entre los estudiantes universitarios de la provincia de Anhui, y proporcionar una base para la intervención sanitaria. Métodos: este es un estudio transversal. En el estudio se incluyeron estudiantes universitarios a los que se les realizaron exámenes de salud rutinarios y que completaron cuestionarios que consisten en información general y sobre las actitudes alimentarias: test-26 (EAT-26). Según el test EAT-26, una puntuación de 20 o mayor indica que el sujeto presenta trastornos alimentarios. Los datos fueron analizados mediante el software de SPSS13.0. Resultados: en el estudio se incluyeron un total de 1.328 estudiantes de una universidad de Wuhu (469 hombres y 859 mujeres). En nuestro estudio, la proporción de trastornos alimentarios de hombres y mujeres y el total de estudiantes fueron 5,3%, 4,0%, 4,5%, respectivamente. La proporción de trastornos alimentarios entre los estudiantes cuya familia poseía unos ingresos anuales < 10.000 RMB, 10.000-30.000 RMB, 30.000-60.000 RMB y > 60.000 fueron 4,2%, un 3,9%, 4.3% y 6,9%, respectivamente. Un hallazgo interesante es que los estudiantes son más propensos a padecer trastornos alimentarios si sus padres tienen más educación. Conclusiones: nuestra investigación revela que la situación actual respecto a trastornos alimentarios en la provincia de Anhui es relativamente baja. El nivel de educación de los padres puede ser relacionado con las actitudes de los estudiantes universitarios. Es esencial aumentar la conciencia y la comprensión de los trastornos de la alimentación y sus factores de riesgo asociados con respecto a los estudiantes universitarios cuyos padres tienen una educación superior.

Background: Overweight and obesity are epidemic worldwide. Our previous study found that the prevalence of overweight and obesity in primary students is high. Objective: we sought to estimate whether the prevalence of overweight and obesity among university students is still high in China. Methods: A cross-sectional study was designed to collect the routine health screening data for university students in 2013. The height and weight of students were measured, and BMI was calculated with height and weight, we estimated the underweight and obesity prevalence of university students using by two references [Working Group on Obesity references in China (2004) and World Health Organization (WHO) criteria (2000)]. Results: Depending on the China references used, the overall prevalence of underweight, overweight (including obesity) and obesity in male university students were 14.2%, 14.7% and 4.2%, respectively; in female university students were 27.5%, 4.4% and 0.6%, respectively. Depending on the WHO references used, the overall prevalence of underweight, overweight (including obesity) and obesity in male university students were 14.2%, 11.5% and 2.5%, respectively, in female university students were 27.5%, 2.4% and 0.3%, respectively. An interesting observation made was that the underweight prevalence of university students has an increasing trend, especially in female. Conclusion: The study showed that the prevalence of underweight in university students, especially in female students has become a critical health issue. Related department of school and government should pay more attention to student's physical health.

Antecedentes: El sobrepeso y la obesidad son epidemia en todo el mundo.Nuestro estudio anterior halló que la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en estudiantes de primaria es alto. Objetivo: Hemos tratado de estimar si la prevalencia del sobrepeso y la obesidad entre los estudiantes universitarios es todavía alta en China. Métodos: Un estudio transversal fue diseñado para recoger los exámenes de salud de rutina datos para estudiantes universitarios en 2013.La altura y el peso de los estudiantes fueron medidos, y el IMC se calcula con la altura y el peso, así como para estimar la prevalencia de insuficiencia ponderal y obesidad de la Universidad los estudiantes utilizando dos referencias [Grupo de trabajo sobre la obesidad referencias en China (2004) y la Organización Mundial de la salud (OMS) criterios (2000)]. Resultados: Dependiendo de la China referencias utilizadas, la prevalencia global de bajo peso, sobrepeso (obesidad) y la obesidad en estudiantes universitarios masculinos fueron 14,2%, el 14,7% y 4,2%, respectivamente; en mujeres estudiantes universitarios fueron el 27,5%, 4,4% y 0,6%, respectivamente. Dependiendo de los que referencias utilizadas, la prevalencia global de bajo peso, sobrepeso (obesidad) y la obesidad en estudiantes universitarios masculinos fueron 14,2%, 11,5% y 2,5%, respectivamente, en mujeres estudiantes universitarios fueron el 27,5%, 2,4% y 0,3%, respectivamente.Una observación interesante es que la prevalencia de insuficiencia ponderal de los estudiantes universitarios tiene una tendencia al aumento, sobre todo en mujeres. Conclusión: El estudio demostró que la prevalencia de la insuficiencia ponderal en estudiantes universitarios, especialmente en mujeres estudiantes se ha convertido en un problema de salud crítico.Related Departamento de la escuela y el Gobierno deben prestar más atención a la salud física del alumno.

Background: In recent years, obesity was a major public health problem in many countries. It was estimated that 8% of their children are obese. However, little is known about the overall prevalence of obesity among secondary students in China, the aim of this study was to evaluate the overall obesity prevalence of student from Chinese secondary school. Methods: Publications from 2009 to 2014 on the obesity prevalence among secondary school students in China were retrieved from PubMed, online Chinese periodical full-text databases of VIP, CNKI and Wan fang. Meta Analyst was used analyze the total rates of obesity for Chinese secondary school. Results: After evaluation of the quality of the articles, 32 papers were finally included in our study, and the total sample sizes on the obesity investigation were 218317 (107631 male and 110686 female), in which 27455(14865 male and 12590 female) were obesity. Meta-analyst findings showed that the pooled prevalence of obesity in secondary school students are 8.4 %( 95% CI: 6.2%- 11.3%) and 4.8 %( 95% CI: 3.2%-7.2%) for boy and girl respectively. Conclusion: Our results suggest that school and government related department should pay more attention to the obesity among secondary school students in China, and take some properly measures should to curve the trend growth of obesity.

Antecedentes: En los últimos años, la obesidad es un importante problema de salud pública en muchos países. Se calcula que el 8% de los niños son obesos.Sin embargo, poco se sabe acerca de la prevalencia de la obesidad entre los alumnos de secundaria en China, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la prevalencia de la obesidad en general chino, estudiante de la escuela secundaria. Métodos: Publicaciones de 2009 a 2014 en la prevalencia de obesidad entre los estudiantes de la escuela secundaria en China fueron recuperados de PubMed, Online Chinese periódico de bases de datos de texto completo de VIP, CNKI y Wan Fang.Analista del meta fue utilizado analizar el total de las tasas de obesidad para chinos de la escuela secundaria. Resultados: Después de la evaluación de la calidad de los artículos, 33 papeles fueron finalmente incluidos en nuestro estudio, y el total de los tamaños de muestra sobre la obesidad investigación fueron 218317 (107631 macho y 110686 hembra), en la que 27455 (14863 macho y 12590 mujeres) fueron la obesidad.Los resultados mostraron que el analista del meta la prevalencia de la obesidad en estudiantes de secundaria son 8,4% (IC del 95%: 6,2% - 11,3%) y 4,8% (IC del 95%: 3,2% - 7,2%) para chico y chica, respectivamente. Conclusión: Nuestros resultados sugieren que la escuela y Gobierno related Departamento debería prestar más atención a la obesidad entre los estudiantes de la escuela secundaria en China, y tomar algunas medidas adecuadamente a la curva de la tendencia de crecimiento de la obesidad.

As an indispensable environment element for crop growth, air temperature has brought challenge for the sustainable development of rice (Oryza sativa L.) production. Elevated air temperature led to great loss in rice grain yield in many districts suffering from heat stress due to the greenhouse effect worldwide, which has received more and more attention from researchers. A field experiment was conducted to investigate impacts of high air temperature (HAT) after rice heading stage on dynamics of SPAD values, soluble sugar, soluble protein, and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents of flag leaves, and grain yield attributes. The results showed that HAT significantly reduced SPAD values, soluble sugar and protein contents, seed-setting rate, number of filled grains per panicles, 1000-grain weight, and grain yield, while increased MDA content. There exists strong correlation between each physiological parameter and days from heading stage to maturity, which can be simulated by quadratic curve equation or linear regression equation. Under HAT, the enhanced MDA content and decreased soluble sugar content demonstrated the damage of membrane structure and photosynthesis function of rice flag leaves, which was partially attributed to the reduced SPAD value and soluble protein content. In the present experiment, rice seed-setting rate was more vulnerable to HAT than grain weight. The disturbance of physiological metabolism in flag leaves was a fundamental reason for the reduction of rice grain yield under HAT.